Process of refrigeration.



F. E. NORTON* PROCESS 0F REFHSGERMION.

APPLICATION man 1AN.29.\916.

Patented Jan. 28, i919.

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F. E.`()RTON.

PROCESS 0F REFRIGERATIOM.

APPLICATION man mme. me.

@$353. Patented Jun. 28, 1919.

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FRED E. NORTON, OF WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGNOR T0 JEFFERIES-NORTON CORPORATION, OF WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS, A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE.

PROCESS 0F BEFRIGERATION.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Jan. as, 1919.

To all whom t may concern:

Be it known that I, FRED E. Non'roN, a citizen of the United States, residing at Worcester, in the county of Worcester and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Processes of Refrigeration, of which the following, together with' the accompanying drawings, is a specification.

The present invention relates in general to processes of refrigeration, and has particular reference to improvements in processes of this class which, in general, contemplate the attainment of extremely low temperatures by the use of a gaseous working luid. The low temperatures attained in the present process, in common with the processes previously practised, nu?Y be used, if desired, in securing extreme re ri erative effects; or the process may be carrie on for the purpose of liquefying, in whole or in part, the gas, and if desired, this liquefaction, if the gas be a mixed gas, may be employed in connection with suitable distillation agencies to eiect the separation of the gas into its constituent elements. Moreover, as will be shown, the process may with advantage be utilized for the cheap and eilicient production of power, in a form available for the production of useful work.

The process of the present invention contem-plates the attainment of marked improvements in eciency and capacity over the processes of this class heretofore known; the principles of the invention and the various steps employed in the application of said principles to the accomplishment of the desired results are fully set forth in the following description and pointed out in the annexed claims, reference bein had to the accompanying drawings whic illustrate, diagrammatically, three diEerent arran ements of apparatus by means of which t e novel steps of my process may be put into practice.

Referring to the said drawings, wherein likereference characters are used to indicate like parts in the several views,

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of one ari-an ement of apparatus which may be employed, and which is most susceptible to the explanation of the novel and useful steps which constitute my invention.

Fi 2 1s a fragmentary illustration of a modi cation of the apparatus shown in Fig.

l, introduced herein for explanatory purposes.

F ig. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of an arrangement of apparatus illustrative of what I now contemplate as bein a preferable arrangement for the app ication of the aforesaid novel and useful steps.

Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of an arran ement of apparatus illustrating` the applicatlon of certain of the novel steps of my invention to a system which may be said to be typical, in a eneral way, of the refrigeration and liqueaction systems of the prior art.

It is to be understood, however, that the carrying yout of my invention is not in any Way confined to the employment of the herein described or any other particular arrangement of apparatus, nor to the herein described methods of utilizing such apparatus, except in so far as specified in the appended claims; the drawings and description being illustrative merely, and disclosing only a few specific applications which I now regard as being advantageous for the accomplishment of the novel steps hereinafter set forth.

As heretofore practised, processes of this class, which may or may not involve the complete liquefaction of the working fluid, depending upon the ultimate purpose to which the refrigeration is to be applied, have shown extremely low eiliciency and capacit for refrigeration, by reason of the i deman s made upon the external cooling agency in attaining the desired low temeratures, such systems, therefore, requiring arge expenditures of power for supplying the necessary refrigerative effect. In such processes, especially where liquefaction for the ultimate purpose of separation is contemplated, preliminary compression of the glas to be separated, and sometimes even igh'er compression of the gas used in the external cooling agency, has mvariably been employed, in order that condensation may occur at a fairly high temperature. Since an expansion device returns useful work in less and less degree as the temperature of the fluid to be expanded is lowered, this preliminary compression of the gas has, in the past, been resorted to in order that the expansion devices of such systems may work at as high a temperature as possible. In

such .previous processes, however, this small` sppsrent :gein in ticel eiicieney tine en tornei coolingJ agency foes morotiesn oset icythe oost oi liigiiiy compressinr .the

soy, in all sucia prior prossesxthe' ges issuing trom the system nin countercurrent 'to the www Y' of whether i Else poseenv thronggn time liquid out stets, or vyiietiier, ii* 4 u ponentes issue in seperated from, is reveriebly uner snch s ictv pressure'tt the recovery oi any 'power tliereom is out ci v the question.

Aocoring to the present process, the step of preliminar compression may be wholly omitted or et esst the degree ci: compression may bis substsntieiiy reeiucei; the ges may be taken in nntier suiostnntinlly atmospheric conditions, en@ may "ce csuseei to isnve the system under s rencia higher-pressure, in such s condition es to los eveiiebie for fur nis/,hing s. considerable portionof the .power required to profiuee the desired refrigeration snol liqueiection of the Working ni.

ln this connection, the naptstion of the principles unerlying any process to the efcient and ciienp production oiE power in esiition to the specic utiiity oi scifi principles ior the liqneiec 'ion enti seperntion of gases, such es sir, will ice rwdily understoo` 1t being clear, from 'Wirst' oliows, that the working uicl empioye in tneprocess is brought to e high pressure oy the minimum expenditure of Work, and in this condition is evniisloie as o motive nii, 'with or Withthe oflolition oi en'ternei nest.

ie it is cieer tiist. the mechnnieel ne pertections of eny given npperetusinvsri ebiy preclude the stteinment of s perfect sfcency, and while it is sise spporent that a process of the character herein set forth is always limited iiy such mechanical iinpertections, still it isL unquestioned that the nsl eciency of such c recess will sttsin the highest degree only Wen the several sctions occurring therein nre roversitle in cherscter, et leest in theory. it lios been shown tnet in prior processes 'o' this close, the actions ere irreversible. Test is to soy, the new of nest from s higherto e iovver tempersture, or ievel, Witheet en'ecting external work, es by the rcieose oi pure alcove described, is s cherecterisnc action of prior processes of this close, ond es such, is an irreversibie action, c", e., en action requiring en expenditure ot Work to restore the silbstence to its oel conriition. According to the present process, time several heet ercnsnging notions tetvvecn tiierent portions scteristic of prior posses of compresseei gs's,irrespsctive y y n e miseri-1 grinste coni` et time @nids in dierent singes the process p Wholly irreversible ions which ere chan necessery in order to overcome the me fienisssunieci, for time reise inieseegge et in, 1" n rieti egsinst bym p f t purposes, that tix ietion. v

vins @eine eine apposition of es. Pl'milis bOVe Storthto the attainment, Y

e comence, in theory st tno wor require@ in order to eect e ref 'jirigeintion is simply that work wh; i 1s sofi;

eticiliustrstion of Fig. i, together with the sevcrelsteps oi theprocess which ero carried out YoA the apparatus therein illrsted, will new forth in detail.

Roif'erringto Fi. i, the gcseous Working I Quid need in the is ien, under e piiericr pressure, or under only e. nominal pressure, `into o pgs l of n haar, in-

:w g r, designated sse Whole by the numerati 2. Thsinterchm which hin represented in purely conventi l mi hes e countercurrcnt escoge 3, in intimiste therinnl relation "to t e passage 1. ve seiecteol, for pu of illustration, e io of apparatus in some respects resembling that shown in -my wend' v application Serial No. 11,850, le More 3, 1915;'1'111 common with the invention disclosed inlseiol copending application, the wor Huid., otter iiquefecton under low pressure in the eessige 1,',in the winner. hereinafter' set torto, is trense to the pnssege 3 by o, pump or other pressure increasing device e, which maintains it in scifi passage 3 under s pressure considerably in excess of the ico i pressure prevailing in passage 1. The pres I sure prevailing in the passage 3 is obviously 'dus to' the resistance `imposed egeinst the outovv of vopor from the upper end of said i passage; in forcing liquol in the bot mi of passage 3, the pump 4 must put it under suiiicient pressure to overcome the pressure preveilin in seid pessege, which, us above stated, is her. then the pressure prevailing in essege i.

n common with the invention set forth that Well-imovvn in n pointus of this charnoter, entails the disc orge of high pressure inei from the top or we end of passage messes 3 at substantially the temperature of the gas entering the inter-changer at the top .or warm end of passage l; the substantial equalization of tem eratures at any given level by heat interil lange between the two passages 1 and 3, is contemplateduand in common with other apparatus of tlnscharacter, the temperatures are lower, the lower the level reached in said interchanger. To effect this evaporation in the passa fe 3, an expedient, somewhat similar to t at employed in the process of said copending application, but differing therefrom in certain particulars affecting the ultimate results obtained thereby, is adopted, the-same being herein illustrated as a means for transferring the latent heat of condensation from the vapor being condensed just above the surface a, to evaporate the warmer liquid at the surface b. To this end, a coil 5 may be immersed in the liquid formed within the passage l of the interchanger and a compressor 6 may be interposed between this cold coil 5 and the warm end of a coil 7 partly immersed in the liquid contained in the passage 3. Said coil 7 communicates at its cold end with an expander or nozzle 8. and the latter is connected to the inlet side of the coil 5, thereby forming a closed circuit. Said circuit may be supplied with a circulating fluid having a boiling oint at the same, or a lower, temperature t an the Huid to be condensed at the surface a. Assumin that the compressor 6 works at a slight y higher pressure than the pump 4, and that the fluid used in said circuit is the same as the working fluid, it will be clear that the circulation by compressor 6, during a given period, of a weight of Huid equal to or slightly in excess of the weight of working fluid entering passage l during the same period, will effect this transfer of heat contents, as follows This circulating fluid passing to the coil 5, after its pressure is released in expander 8, may, under the conditions assumed above, be mostly liquid, and while condensing the fluid above the surface a by extracting the latent heat of condensation therefrom, it will be substantially evaporated. The vapor, or the mixture of liquid and vapor from the coil 5, passing to the compressor 6, has itspressure and temperature raised by said compressor. Passing in substantially gaseous form to the coil 7` it. eiects the evaporation of liquid at the surface b, by transfer of its heat to said liquid. and is itself condensed thereby in Whole or in part, The subsequent release of pressure from said circulating fluid in the nozzle S causes its return to the coil 5 in condition to repeat the condensation at the surface a in the manner above described.

The actions, above described, Will be carried out, under the conditions assumed, very readily, merely by causing the liquid in coil 5 to be slightly colder than the low pressure working vapor to be liquefied at this point, in order to promote the transfer of heat contents in the proper direction, and it will be seen that the difference in temperature relied upon to effect this transfer of heat units between the fluids can be made as small as desired simply by increasing the contact surfaces of the coll. The same is obviously true of the action occurring in the high pressure passage 3, in which a slightly greater pressure or temperature within the coil 7 insures the necessary exchange of latent heats. It will be clear that other conditions affecting the pressure, temperature, composition, and quantity of the circulatory transfer fluid may be adopted, within a wide range, without departing from the principles of the actions above set forth, since the foregoing assumptions were made merely for purposes of explanation. As has been shown, the transfer of the relatively large quantities of heat between the working and the circulating tluids occurs in each case with only a. very slight temperature difference; thus each action as described above, of itself, therefore, ap-

.proaches reversibility as closely as the mechanlcal imperfections inherent in the apparatus will permit. That is to say, the ahsorption and rejection of latent heat by the working and circulating fluids, as described above, takes place under substantially constant temperature and hence with the highest possible efficiency. Obviously, the circulating fluid which is alternately compressed and expanded in the compressor 6 and nozzle 8 need not be confined to the coils 5 and 7, as above described, but may be constituted by fluid taken directly from and returned to the supply of working fluid present in the passage 3 of the interchanger, as fully set forth in my aforesaid copending application, in which case the quantity of fluid circulated in the neat transfer system would be in a redetermined pro ortion to the quantity o Working fluid han( led by pum 4. The above described use of the circu ating coil 7 is adopted simply for the sake of clearness and to avoid confusion in the explanation of my process.

As fully set forth in my said copending application, the high pressure gas thus evaporated at the surface b has, by reason of its increased specific heat, a greatly increased heat absorbing capacity; in other words, it is capable of removing from the system a greater amount of heat per degree of temperature than is brought in by the same weight of fluid entering the passage 1. In the present process, a portion of this available excess cooling effect may be utilized in removing from the transfer fluid any superheat, as would result from the introduction to the compressor' 6 oi? seid duid 1 ra A "l m the iorrn or e setursted. sopor. is nerein shown, the con l entends shove the liquid level Zi in the onessge 3, it losing essunied,

for purposes of illustretion, that superheoting or' the transfer duid, to e degree indicated hy the temperotore level c ci the inter changer, hasoccurrecl. The liquid., therefore, does not rise to level c, but hoils olf so as to remain et e level soinewhet below c, the erect position of which, h, is obviously dependent wholly on the ernennt or superheut. Between the levels end c thehigh pressure evaporate with its relatively hih heet absorbing cepscity, accomplishes t' e removal of this snperheet. i

As pointed out in seid @pending spplicetion, there is e. dehoiency in the wollen@ eEect evsilehle for condensing the incoming low pressure ges neer the lower end ci pes sage l, notwithstondinrrthe ect in the process of seid copenonng spplicstion the temperature oi seid ges is lowered, heet exchange with the high pressure iiqui gA th1s deficiency is due to the inet tiret the suhstence under lovv pressure hes greater latent heet then the seme suhstence under high pressure. ln the process ci seid copending application en expsnsion engine, or other equivalent cooling agency, Wes required to supply this deciency in cooling ehect end, es shown, it hed to perform its Work oi l cooling et the extremely low temperature necessary to elect condensetion inthe loer pressure passage or the system, l

In the present process not only is the necessity mor en externsl cooling egency worbfng et such e low tenipereture Wholly evoided, but, if desired, the high pressure liquid in passe-ge 3 'moy import ell of its cooling eect to the transfer duid in coil 7, since such cooling edect is not essentiel to the cooling of the low cessare vapor in passage l. According to t e present invention the excess of cooling e'ect present in the high pressure ges shove the level c is employed to supply the deciency ol cooling eect in the cold end'o the low pressure possess l, end to this end the errengeroent ci epperetus hereinafter described muy he employed, although it will he eppsrent thot my inven tion is not limited in eng wey to the use of such en errengement, t e particular illustration herein employed being edopted merely for the salte or clesrness in enplenittion.

A compressor 9 is connected with e coil 10 located inthe Worm end ci pesi-segs 3. The coil 10 communicetes with en expansion engine 1l, which in turn is connected to e second coil 12 disposed in the cold end of low presmre passage l.` Seid coil l2 is connected to the inlet side o' compressor 9, thereby forming e closed circuit. Seid cirn cuit is supplied with e circoleting duid which rosy he the seme es the working; duid, end es in the cese of the circulating duid. in the system 5, o, 7 sind 8, it may, for illustretive purposes he essumed that the Weight of duid circulated hy the compressor 9, during eny given period, is the seine es, or slightly in excess oi', the weight of the Working1 huid entering passage l in the some period, the compressor 9 Working, es before, between substantially the seme pressures es the pump si,

The ection under the conditions assumed is epproniinetely ns ollows:'l`he duid in coil l0, et substentiully the seme pressure es the vapor in passage 3, is progressively cooied, hy heet interchenge therewith, to the tempereture prevailing et level c; thereciter, seid circulating duid is expended to atmospheric pressure through expander il,

,heine cooled thereby to otempereture .ep-

prommetely that et the level o. Returning through thev coil l2, in countercur'rent to the TNS incoming ges in passage l., it progressively cools seid gus to the temperature of low pressure liouefection, namely that et level a sind is itseli warmed up to the temperature c. From this point it passes to the compresser 9, and otter its originel pressure and tempereture beve been restored, it is o in passed` through the cycle above descri ed. Thus the cooling eect of the escaping high pressure .vapor is spplied to the incoming low pressure vspor to cool the letter trom c to e; it `will be Acleer thet, approximately, the seine conditions prevail with respect to this transfer of heet contents es prevail with respect to the transfer of latent heats bythe system 5, 6, 7 end 8, shove described, namely that et eny given point, assuming only a, slight dierence in temperature in fever of the direction in which it is desired that the exchange should take place, the actionsehove described occur under substantially constent temperoture, end hence, approach reversibilty es closely es the' mechsnicel imperfections of the apparatus will permit. Moreover, in the present instance, it will be clear that owin to the greater cooling edect eveilshle .in t e high pressure veporv of pssssge B, it is highly desirable to apply'this coolin e'ect et the oint where it 1s most needs end the fact t et this point is 'st the cold, rather than et 'the worm end of the 'interchengen does not in any wey prevent im A been@ 12 is not et ell en the seme beine shown and referred to merely by wey o making the various actions pleinen In the a plication of the novel principles above set ortii to the actual working conditions existingr in refrigeration systems of this class, it will be obvious that es many circulating systems corresponding to the system 9, 10, 11 and 12 may be used as is necessary to eect the drop in temperature from the wenn end of the interchanger to the cold end where liqnefection' under low pressure takes place.. 11:"01' the sake oi' clearness in illustration. the present process has been confined to the showing of a. single circulating system of this character for the purpose of applying the cooling e'ect of the high pressure vapor to the low pressure vapor at a lower temperature, but it is clear that for practical working conditions Where the working uid is brought in under substantially atmospheric pressure and is liquefied` the application of this high pressure cooling eect will be best served by the provision of a plurality of circulating sysms corresponding to the system 9, 10, 11 and 12, each adapted to work within a range of temperatures of less extent than the total temperature drop required.

The establishment of the conditions 1l1us trated in Fig. 1 may be assumed; or it may be shown that such conditions may be established and that after their establishment the system will operate continuously, in the manner hereinafter described, to take the working Huid. brought in at atmospheric pressure, through the liquid Stute as shown. ln order to stmt the operation, the com- )ressor 9 and expander 11 may be operated by any source of available power andfthe hcct of compression above atmospheric teinpcrsture during` this storting may be radiated or absorbed in any suitable manner. llndcr these conditions, provided the com* prcssor 6 is inoperative, or operates only without pressure. by the opening of nozzle H, the system will progressively become colder until the gas begins to beliquefied at. fr., whereupon the normal working conditions may be established. It has been shown that the cooling effect of the outgoing substance can be applied to the refrigeration of the incoming substance in a highly efficient manner, und that the resulting condensation of the low pressure vapor can be applied to eti'ect the evaporation of the high pressure liquid. Consequently, the necessit v:lojr external refrigerating a ncies 1s co ned only to the overcoming o the mec unical imperfections of the apparatus, and the cooling of the incoming vapor in passage 1 between substantially atmospheric temperature and the temperature prevailing at the level c in the interchanger. This cooling eect may be readily supplied at relatively low the system, need only attain a. very limited degree of coldness, which constitutes only a small portion of the total temperature drop required. Thot the external cooling agency above described constitutes, in theory at least, the only external work required to operate the' system, is shown as follows l nder the conditions assumed, the com res` sor 6 handling the stime quantity of flui and working between the same temperatures and pressures as the expander 11, requires, in theory, the same amount of external work as is delivered by said expander. The above also holds true for the compressor 9 and the expander 16; that is the work required by the former is balanced by the workdelivered by thelatter. Also, the expansion through nozzle 8, even though at an extremely low temperature, is suilicient, :in`

theory at least. to supply the small amount of work required to operate pump 4, it being clear that these two devices have also been assumed to handle substantially equal quantities of fluid, between substantially the same pressures und et the saine temperatures. Therefore, outside of the power required'to overcome the losses due to the mechanical l imperfections of the several pumps, compressors and expenders above referred to, there remains only the work required to operate the compressor 14, in order to make the process continuous. The high pressure vapor leaving the passage 3 muy be heated by :my external source of heat 17, and then used in e highly efficient manner in an expansion motor 18 to develop all, or atleast n considerable portion of the power required to operate the compressor 14. Obviously, the degree to which this high pressure vapor is heated, e.. has energy imparted to it is a measure of the work which it is possible to develop in the motor 18, in excess of the amount available due to its pressure at etmos yheric -temperature.

. ile I have shown a high pressure va or from the passage 3 es being used to dev op a portion of the power r uired to operate the process, by expansion 1n the motor 18, it will be clear that this vapor, if desired, may be applied to the refrigeration of the incoming ow pressure vapor between atmospheric temperature and the temperature of the level c by allowing it to expend in a.

suiteble eiipension engine l?, lllii.l 2i, suoi by ietuining seitl eupoueil unil cooled. iluici. thi-cogli u coil 2U ou other liest esclisnggmg agency disposed in the wenn enel oit" osseuses l. The foregoing bes been pointed out sunply for the purpose ci" snowing tluet in theory the heut remove-el from tlee incoming vapor on the low presente siole ol' tbe countei'cui-rent spoeietus substeutiey buisness the liest ebsoil'be by outgoing vener in ille high pressure sie ci? tlie countetcuii'ent uppemtus. ln other tvos, excluding the exteinel Work requise@ to oveiconie tlie ineclienicel inipeiiectione ci time eispeietus, and tbst requiiccd to absorb tl'ie inleuliaggfe ci external beet, no other wot-li need be supplied since tbe eiapenflei li?, replacing expander i6, delivers enough ponerte operste tbe compiese'ei il. is obvious since seid exposities ill enel ssiol compte-isset 9 lientlle the seine uusutity iiui et tbe sume tempeiatuie enel piiuisuie.,

lt lies been slice/ii sleeve tlist tbe process is wot-lisible under the specilic conolitions assume/rl, Where tbe total teinpeiistuee ronge from tliet st tbe level e to etinosplieeic is tliet ci two o3@ more successive substantially eclisbetic compressions of e dry ges or vapoi", Wlieieby the tempeeetute et level c is xed., once tlie pressures eee essumel. The process, liowevei' is 'not in enr wey limiteulto this restriction. Heeto 'oie it lies been essume that tiie super neun into the coinpicessoi` 6 is cliy, but it is obvious tliet there is always seine conclitiou oi stets ci moisture et tbe lower pieesuie, Wliicli will result in this vsnet being lust suturste site? eoliebetic compi'ession, suoi it muy loe assumed that tbe iluii leaving tbe comptessoi17 6 is in such e dey oi? setuietei stets tluut is, without superlieut. lnclei1 suoli coni tions, the liquid in pussoge el muy rise to,

the level c Ain the inteecliengei; end umleia 'this condition the cli'ereuce in. toiupsi'etuie between c and ais less thun uncles* tbe conclitions hei'etoi'oie essuinecl, ultluougili tlie pressure will remain tlie suine, lit loilows, since the compressor 6 muy lelie in e Wet vupoiund discharge e, ley setuicetetl *vuo at higher pressure, tlie espanoles il l" *e- Wise may take in u icy sstuieted vecioia endl discharge uiil which ispsitly liquiil; tlfie latter, While evapoieting in coil l2 muy cause the conoleiisuticn oi? just sutcient working ui et c, so tliet the lull Weight of vapor need not be eveponute in coil 5, but muy ses to the compresses' 6 es @uit liquicl snol part veicoli", in suoli ptopoitions as will nully give setui'etecl tiunsei' vapor et level c..

rom tile foregoing it will be seen tliet the operation of my joeocess with tbe up porotos sliown in Fig. i is not in any wey limited to the peevelence ci? uuiticului temperature snol pressure conditions in tlie liest tinnsei systems, noiv to the mintenence of engr clete relations between tbe temperetures at the levels a anu c, snol that at the wenn end of the inteicbunger. lt will be cleo?, tbei'eloie, tliet eny temperatures at a und c iney be assumed, und any coi'responiling pressure songes within tbe liest transfer' systems muy be edop lt will also be seen tliut tbe cooling eect of the high pressure vupoi' in passage 3, between the temperetui'es prevailing et the level c und et tbc atmosplieie, is always cient, if collected in e substontiully reversible manner and uppliedi in e substantially revei'sible manner, to cool tbe low pressure vapor in passage l from tbe temperuture et 0 to that et a, even tliougli tlie specic ineens, es heretofore shown @und described, be veiled over a, Wide ronge oi' pressiu'es und teinpei'atures. lt will also be evident that these results depei/ul in no 'wey on tbe specic substance employed except tliet it be e uuid.

The iloieggoing deteilecl explsnetion of the opemtion of my process, in connection with tiie particular type of upperetus Sliown in Fig. l, is cliiey useful in graphically dem onstreting the principles underlying my invention, by virtue of wliioli all of the seveiul leest excbunng actions are caused to telic place in o substsntielly reversible more ner, vvliei'eby tlie process cen be ce1-tied out Witli u minimum expenditure of power.' 0bviously, l um in no sense limited to the use ol u psrutus of this character, nor even i-e-` mote yresembling the some, in the sense that. the various lient exchungin actions may be as cleeily und denitely truce out und shown to be substuntielly reversible in character. ln lect, lnew contemplate, us u much simpler snol more iucticail form' `of up uratus suitublc loir tie application Iof t e aforesaid principles, the modified forni of apparatus shown in Fig. 3 of 'the drawings, which will be siiown to be substentiully tbe equivalent, in ell ies ects, of tbe apparatus shown in Fig. l, eltough not as susceptible to actuel demonstrative proof oi the actions occuri'ing therein, as is soiol described spperutus. llie fioul result as regeijds the working Huid, however, is tbe sume in both 115 ceses i Referring to Fig. 3, .tbe incoming gaseous iluidis teken into the passage l of en intercliunger 2 et atmospheric, or only e nominal, pressure, as before, and is passed 120 tlii'onggli the liquid Stute with unincresse of pressure by the pump l before being evaporeted in the passage 3 et the level b-a llne uppemtus herein shown for effecting tlie ti'unsfeioi liest from tlie level a to the 125 nection with ig. l, eltliougli it will be ap- 13o nea.,

parent that the circulation of the transfer uid, and the weight of said duid passing through a art oit the system is to'some extent varie owing to the particular relations existing between said system and other portions of the apparatus, as hereinafter pointed out. The coil 21 corresponds to the coil 5 of the irst described form (but is eittended above the level a up to the level b-c, so that its cooling edect may be ep lied to the low pressure vapor between the evels a and b--a The heat transfer duid, which may be assumed to be of the same nature as the workin duid, after circulation through this co1 is led to the compressor 22, working at substantially the same pressure as pump 4, and thence through a coil 23, leaving which it is expanded through a nozzle 24 and returned to the coil 21 1n the manner previously described. The evaporation of the high ressure liqpid at the level b-c is thus e ected. Ae in the former case the coils 21 and 23 are shown merely for the sake of clearness, it being obvious that the circulating duid could be withdrawn directly from the iluid 1n the passages 1 and 3 of the interchanger.

1n order to apply the excess coolin edect of the high pressure vapor, a coi 25, corresponding substantially to the coll 10 of Fig. 1, may be disposed 1u the passage 3. The duid circulating through coil 25 may come from a high pressure compressor 26, working at a pressure corresponding substantially to the' critical pressure of said fluid; leaving the compressor, it is cooled to atmospheric teinperature b a water cooler 27, before entering the coil 25. From the coil 25 the come. pressed and cooled circulating duid expands in an expansion engine 28, and the low pressure exhaust from said engine is led to the inlet side of the compressor 22, where it is mixed at 30 with the Huid drawn in b said compressor from the coil 21. The Hui thus .circulated by compressor 26 is returned thereto through a coil 29 in the low pressure passage 1 of the interchanger, which is oonnected at 31 with the exhaust side of compresser 22. The system abovev described, comprising the compreor 2S, coils 25 and 29. and expander 28 may handle in a given period of time a Weight of tiuid somewhat greater than the weights of working iluid entering the passage 1 during the same time,

at atmospheric pressure and temperature; obviously, as previously pointed out, the coils 25 and 29 are shown merely for the sake of clearness, since the :duid thus circulated could, with suitable pressure conditions, be taken from and dischargedl directly into the two passages 1 and 3 of the inten changer without varying in any way the ultimate result. y

In the operation of the above described apparatus, the conditions illustrated in Fig. 3 may be assumed, or if desired, they may be created, simply by operating the compressor 26 so as to produce a pressure equal to or higher than the critical pressure of the transfer fluid. The said compressor and the other elements of the circulatory system connected thereto, thereb becomes an external cooling agency su cient in time, to efect the desired l1 uefaction under law t is pressure at the sur ace a.' During i ul'mg starting period the motor 18, which actual operation of the process, by the heated high pressure evaporate from the passage 3, as in the previously described system, may be driven by steam or other external means to effect the above described operation of the compressor 26. Owing to the phenomena that a gas when approaching critical pressure becomes more and more remote Vfrom the so-called perfect state, its action being characterized by decrease in volume at a much more ra id rate than the pressure is increased, w ile at constant temperature, it is known that under its critical pressure a given weight of gas contains less heat than when undera much lower pressure, say atmospheric pressure. This is due to the internal ener given oi by the highly compressed gas 1n the form of heat, m excess of that energy imparted thereto by the compressor. In the present case, therefore, the water-cooling of the fluid from the hi h pressure compressor 26 removes actual y more heut therefrom than was is driven iven to the gas during compression, with' t lso e 'result that a given weight of Huid entcring the coil 25 carries into the system considerably less heat than the same weight carries out of the system from the coil 29, notwithstanding the fact that the temperatures at these points are the same. Asa consequence, the circulating system 25, 26, 28,29, in addition to its functlon as a means for applying the cooling eiiect of the high pressure gases in ssacc between the atmosphare and the evel to the low pressure uid between levels aand b-c, as will be hereinafter more specifically set forth, also acts as a rerigerating agency to cool the in coming low pressure between the atmosphere andthe level lc, and to that extent constitutes the equivalent of the external rerigerating agency 13, 14, 15, 16 which is illustrated in Fig. 1. zDuring the starting period the actions forming the essential' part of the process may he realized in some degree, dependin on the adjustment of the a paratus and it is not necessary to depen entirely on the fact that the ieat contents of the high pressure gas is ess.

When the conditions illustrated in Fi 3 have been established, as above descri d, the motor 18, in the manner heretofore fully temperature pieifeiiieg level Without latent heeft, tfieleiofe im coiitimiioiie enel substeiitieiiy ieveieilole meme?, Simo there is no point whew lieot moet loe mede to ow from e eiilisteiioe et ioiio'iy tee peretiire to one iii tempomture. ALS Stimm iii tile hott-ieee et* .moephei'io tempeietiiife iii-#6, tlie fluid in the teeeiiei eye im ilo-ws; eoimteetii howevei, silice ttfoi'laiiig iii the passage@ miel oleo towe eolie" rent petit/een theee it theft if the "high pieeeii're Woei-' a requires more heet to wenn it from t-o etmoeplieiic then the low presepio im El must lose to be eooletl from etmospheio to -c, this tlitieienee eoiiipeneotecl im' by ilie ooiinteicuri'eot i'iow oi tiemiiei timid. is pointed vmit izo my oopeiicliog eppiieetion ei'iel li o. il, this dlitieepoo iii lieet copecity between tlie oom teifoiiiifeiit @aids izo. passages l end l .is present, being due tine ineieesed speoio oi' the trepoia poesege 8. Being also present iii the combined externel cooling agency etici Vepot lieet ti'eiise? system herein iesoivibe, it ie oleo? that, coiisideied between the lefei l--o emi time atmospheric level, tlie iiei'eiioe eioove set oitli lioleiioes any elitiepeiiee time opposite direction between the iii the coils 25 emi.

it having been shot-m the e'scees cooling eeet of time liiggii piessoie vepoi peesege 3 een lie teneei'reti to the fluidi iii eyetem 25, 26, Ztl, 2%, it temoins oei Y to epplgy this ooo'ing effect Wlieie .it is moet needed, namely, to the low pi'eesiiie iiioomiiiig between the levels o emol two, The iliiifl im the vapor beet transfer system beting been expeoe the offitioel pieeeure to the low preeeuie ptet/ailing iii peseepe It, Toy means oi? the expander 28 :tool having been cooleri io' coil 25 beiow tlie oivitioel temperetui'e, it will teeome Wet aiming; expansion, and ii this expeiioiom is edieioetio with the prodiietioii out external woilt in the expander 28, about heizt oi' the Huid wil 'be liquid ettei: tlie expansion, et e temperature ooiresponding to the tempeiretiii'e et ievei a., When mixed with the vepoi pessiiig tiem the coil 2l compressor 22, the Whole moy lfeooli oompoeitioe jtiet eo to the eetiirete etete oompi'eeeiom by tl'i'e oompifeseor 22. lin otlfiei but also eiieliles it to effect the cooling of seid Huid in passage l imm the temperature --o to temperature a.

Ely etiology with the eppoiotus shown in i, ce'terence to the two iiioleponexit Sciioiilotory eystems theieiii shown, it will lie eppei'eiit that if the cooling eeot o the ,timid @om coil 10 otter expansion tlitough oxpepdei" 'li 'were applied, es by lieet inteieiieegge but Without edlmixtiiie, to the tienslliiiti on the suction eide of compressor 6, tiieii the two coils 5 en i2 of Fig. 1 could lie combined, time applying this cooling etfcect to tlie cooling mi t'ie low presepio workiiiiel between the levels a en@ o. The ootioii tokio?? piece iii the apparatus shown im 3 cosely approximates the aiction which Woiilxl telze lace uncle? the conditions oesumel eloofzfe, w ich, clearly, corres ond exeotly to the eotuel working conditions eretoieoie described with reference to the oppaitetus oit Fig. l. lt will be seen, theicetore, that the edmixture oz? these two circulating trensfei fluids in eect imports e portion of the tetiigeiotive eration oi' the system 25, 26, 28, 29 to the system 2l, 22, 23, 2t, this being evident since the cooling e'eot of the ist mentioned system ie etly increased owing to the wide pressure ronge through weh it operates.

As will lie eppeiemt, the remainder of the lisohoige from compiweseor 22, consisting of s'etui'eted compressed vapo? et e tempeieture coi-responding to tlie level 5--0 in passing tiiioiigh ooil 29, cools the incoming low preesme Working uiol from otmosplierio tem pei'etiire to the temperature bo, thus replacing' the external cooling agency 13, 14, yloilil.. il

While in te present epee itis not possible to demoinstiete oiel piovelglaphioolly that the eotioioe eloove described actually take place, es the 'oise in the system illustrated in ltig., l, yet it is oleei that the two syst/ems, sie eoowe desoiibed, me beseol on precisely time seme principles, emol it is equally true tiiet, by properly pioportioniiig the Weights,

eind tempeietiires or-the circulatimg emi woiliiig iiirls, all the actions hereim deeoiibe es teleimg place con loe made. euloeteetielly ieveisilole, es Wes the cese with tl'io system shown in Fig. l. ift will be obvious .that by increasing to the neoe'ssei extelit tee tif/eight' oi transfer uid oii'oii ated my the eombiiie met ttemsriei encleiivig;

ete-ting; egeteei 25, Q6, 28, 29, the necessary assente cooling to maire up for the mechanical .irnperections of the system may be supplied, 1t being assumed, as in the former case, that the apparatus is e'ectually insulated trom the inlealrage of external heat. The power required to operate the transfer compressor 22 is furnished in part at least, by the eupander 28, woriiing at the same lower ternperature as said compressor and between a much greater range of promus-es. 'The motor 18, utilizing the hi h pressure gases which have been increase in their available power by heating in the heater 17, may I urnish the power for the compressor 26,1t being clear that whatever external work is required can be supplied by the heat added at 17. As in the previous case, the nozzle 24,111 theory at least, will furnish the power to drive the pump 4.

With reference to the applicability ofthe process, as above described, to they et'icient production of power, and irrespective of its utility for refrigeration, liqueiaction und separation purposes, it will be seen that since the gaseous motive duid is enabled to issue Jfrom the prime mover 18 in the same condition as that at which it entered the interchanger, viz., at atmospheric temperature and pressure, the tremendous losses of siii# ciency, which characterize other vapor expension power cycles, are avoided; in comparison, for instance, with the usual steam cycle, the resent process is far more ecient, since the iormer necsarily labors under the handicap of being unable to restore the motive fluid to its original condition with a corresponding extraction of power, e'. e., the latent heat of evaporation is largely irrecoverable. 1n the present system, however, the latent heats substantially balance' most of the heat added at 17 is converted into Work.

While the steps of the rooess, as ap lied to the liquefaction of t e working uid, have been so far described as applying to the taking in of the working fluid at low pressure, and its delivery at high premura, it is obvious that the process as a whole possesses the characteristic of reversibility. In this connection, referring a in to Fig. l, if it be assumed that iuid un er high pressure enters passage 3, and dischar es from at atmospheric pressure; that t e external cooling a ency 13, le, 15 and 16 be omitted; and t at each expansion device 8 and l1 works as a compressor and each compressor e, 6 and 9 becomes an expander; then clearly there is an increase in the amount of work delivered by 9, working at relatively high temperature, over the correspondin element present in liqueaction systems o the prior art, and there is a net cooling effect produced between the temperature at c and that of the atmosphere. lt will be seen therefore, that certain of the actions and any sense limited to asystem wherein the outgoing duid is .at higher pressure than the incoming fluid. ln Fig. 4 I have illustrated diagrammatically the ap lication of certain of the novel steps herein eore mentioned to a liquefaction cycleV of the usual t pe, wherein the working fluid undergoes gigh initial compression by a compressor 32, and by means of a water cooler 33 is caused to enter the interchan er passage 34 at atmospheric temperature, ut under such high pressure. In the manner common to such prior systems, a portion of this high pressure vapor is expanded through an expander 35 and, after such expansion, is returned in countercurrent through interchanger passage 36, issuing from the warm end thereof at atmosheric temperature and ressure. The cool'- ing effect of this expan ed vapor ortion is thus applied to assist in the liqueiaction of the high pressure fluid in passage 34, as indicated in said figure. 1n the manner common to such prior systems, expansion of the high pressure liquid through a nozzle 37, or equivalent device, enables the low pressure liquid thus formed in passage 36, when evaporated, to afford the necessary cooling effect by heat interchange, to render the rocess continuous. The apparatus thus ar described, Whle wholly diagrammatic in character, and therefore obviously susceptible to wide variation, is typical of prior art liquefaction c cles in so far as it may be said to illustrate t e basic principles and actions underlying their operation; and it will be apparent that due to the much greater speciic heat of the incoming high pressure fluid, between atmospheric temperature and the temperature at c where condensation occurs, a given weight of countercurrent low pressure vapor in passage 36 is called upon to take out from the same weight of high pressure incoming fluid more heat per degree of temperature than it can absor Notwithstandin this deficiency of cooling edect between t e above temperatures, there is an excess cooling effect between the levels d and c; therefore, in accordance with my invention a circulatory system, or other equivalent heat transferring agency, 1n the present instance shown as consisting of coils 38 and 39, compressor l0 and expander 41, connected as shown, may with advantage be einployed to supplement the cooling effect upon the incoming fluid between the temperature e and the atmosphere. The compressor 40 ma handle an amount of duid equivalent to the working fluid handled'by compressor 32 and may work et the seme presente tlie compressor 32. The circnietinfg' oie espension und cooling in expander li'ig ii'iojfn oy the suction oi compressor t@ U ond moy he seo-oooieri thereina to such o lioint tiret its suiiseogeent compression Wiii e Without soperheeting, t'. e., the esheiist from the compressor Willi he et temperature a. E1n passing onder high pressure through the ooii 39, it coois the ineon'iinghigh oressure vopor in posseggo 34%; K enti is itsei wsrmed thereby otmospherio tempereture; enti thereafter is eirloenriei g''orthe purpose of reperitinoM 'the moore eiesoriheti eycie. in this *grey eooiirig soo tiene faction or' the high pressure incoming; @ont is promotori; enti responder eti., since it Works et atmospheric rotore, setueiiy returns a touch greater einotnt oi? wort; than the low tempo e expander 35., or the expentier ii of i.

rthe refrigeretive et of the presets may he utiiize in verio'os weys the rnenner common to processes oi? this eisss, For eX- empio, the iow @restore iiqneiieri Working iui moy he withrirewn through weite iii.) or the high rossore iiqtiiri tney he with d :wir throngi s voive e3, es shown oiesriy in Figs i snai 3.

in esseritieiiy 'veiiiehie feature the' prooess herein eeseriheri io. connection `with Figs. i end Si, es compenso processes hereto'ore irnown, resides in the feet thst the Working :timid roey he eonoienseti sind sepsreteci, if desired, onier high pressure; more over it the outgoing; nii from e iiqueiee tion or seperation system using my process expancie. through on expo-noten such :is the expenoer i9 ot' i is, Q, the system Wouid require for its operetion the espenciitere of oniy e very sri-soil proportion oi the power required to operette orfiirntry systems oi the seme capacity. hViOiiSiy, the power thus required woniri he entirety independent of any power reeovereti, es shove described? hy the use of externei heet As eppiiei to the simpie eornprsssion of e gas, for any purpose Whstsoevsr the present process permits the use oit siihstentisiiy sciiehatic compressors eno. expenders Working beiow atmospheric teniperstnre. in the form of apparatus shown in Fig; 3, the coinpressor-Q may he mooie ve sin-siii7 since it operates with e iiiiei eiieeeiy entier high compression, and thus it may he much more neeriy isotherniei in its sotion then the high pressure compressors usent in the ordinary processes for the direct preliminary compression of the timide therein used, The exhaust from motor i8 may, ii'f desirefi, he returned through the interchenger *for use over end over in system, es inriiosteti in Fig. 3.

i oieirn: A

i. A process ofthe character set iiori,

semi risino the cirenietion oi o gaseous toetsing iioiti in orienter-entrent to eeet heet interohenge between heet absorbing and heet rejeeting portions thereof, ond the op piieetion ot the oooiin@l efect of the heet ohsorhiog portion between given temporen tores to eect the eooiingbr oi the heet iegestiegeleortion het-Ween other temperatures..

eomprisinr the oircuiotion of e gaseous Working uid io ooontereiirrent to eeot heet interchange between incoming end; outgoing portions thereof, the cooling oi the inoom'nogq huid between given temperatures hy heet exchange with s. oirouiotm en the eooiing of seid circuioting i uid hy heet eschsnge with the outgoing oid hetween other temperatures.

4i. i procese oi' the character set forth, comprising the circulation' of e gaseous Working timid in counter-current to eect heet interchenge between incoming end outgoing portions thereof, the cooling of the incomingu uid between Lower temperatures hy hoot exehonge with e, circuiotm Huid, snel the cooling of seid eircuioting uid by heet exohenge with the outgoing Huid between higher temperatures. y

5 A process of the character set forth; comp:rising` the oountercurrent circuiation oi e working uici to e'eot heet interchange between heet absorbing sind heet rejecting portions thereof, ond the liqueecton of seid heeft reg'ecting portion under otmospheric pressure, hy transfer of its heet contents to seid heet ebsorhing portion under ohigher pressure.

6. A process of the character set forth eomprisin the circuietion of e gaseous working iiuioi in countercurrent to eect 8. A pnocess of the character set forth,'

comprising the estreotion of latent heet of ses, i

ion

imanes condensation from the working fluid byheat exchange with a circulating fluidtraising the pressure of said circulating fluid after such extraction, removing the superheat from said circulating fluid, and transferring said extracted heat to the liquefied working fluid after the raised.

9. A roeess of the character set forth, 'comprisin the extraction of latent heat of condensation from the working fluid by'heat exchange with a circulating fluid, raising the pressure of said circulating fluid after such extraction, cooling said circulating fluid before raising the pressure thereon, to prevent its superheating, and transferring said extracted heat to the liquefied Working fluid after the pressure thereon has been raised.

10. A process of the character set forth .condensation from the v'orking fluid by heat exchange with a circulatin fluid, raising the ressure of said circu ating fluid after suc extraction, cooling said circulating fluid before raising the pressure thereon, to prevent its superheating, condensing said circulating fluid by transfer of said extracted heat to the liquefied working fluid after the pressure thereon has been raised, and reducing the pressure on said circulating fluid.

12. In the herein described process of refrigeration, employing a liquefied gas, the extraction of the latent heat of condensation from the gas undergoing liquefaction by heat exchange with a circulating fluid, raising the pressure of said circulating fluld after said extraction, removin the superheat of compression from sai circulating fluid, and transferring the heat previously absorbed by ysaid circulating fluid to the liquid rodueed by the process after the pressure of said liquid has been raised.

13. In the herein described process of refrigeration, employing a liquefied gas, the extraction of the latent heat of condensation from the gas undergoing liquefactioii by heat exchange with a circulating fluid, raising the pressure of said circulating fluid after said extraction, cooling said circulating fluid before raising the pressurel thereon, to prevent its superheating, and

pressure thereon has been transferring the heat previously absorbed by said circulating fluid to the liquid produced by the process after the pressure of said liquid has been raised.

14. A process of the character set forth, comprisin the liquefaction of a gaseous working uid under atmospheric pressure, the raisin of the pressure on the liquid thus formed, tle evaporation of said liquid under its increased pressure and the transfer of heat from the gaseous Working fluid undergoing liquefaction at a low temperature to said high pressure evaporate at a'higher temperature.

15. A process of the character set forth, comprising the liquefaction of a gaseous Working fluid, the circulation of the evaporate from the liquefied fluid in countercurrent to the gaseous fluid undergoing liquefaction and the transfer of heat from the latter, between given temperatures, to said evaporate 'between other temperatures.

16. A process of the character set forth, comprising the liquefaction of a gaseousl wor ing fluid, increasing the pressure on the liquid thus formed, transferring the latent heat of condensation of the fluid being liquefied to the liquid under such increased pressure to effect its evaporation, and applying the cooling e'ect of said evaporate at hi her temperature to cool the gaseous wor ing fluid at a lower temperature.

17. A process of the character set forth` comprising the liquefaction of a gaseou-1 workin fluid, increasing the pressure on the liquid t us formed, transferring the latent heat of condensation of the fluid being liquefied to the liquid under such increased pressure to effect its evaporation, transferring to said evaporate, at a higher temperature. the heat extracted from the gaseous Working fluid at a lower temperature, and expanding said evaporate in an expansion engine.

18. A process of the character set forth, comprising the liquefaction of a gaseous working fluid under low pressure, increasing the pressure on the liquid thus formed, trans. ferring the latent heat of condensation of the fluid being liquefied to the liquid under such increased pressure to eflect its evaporation and cooling the low pressure gaseous worlring fluid to the temperature of low pressure liquefaction by means of said high pressure evaporate.

19.l A process of the character set forth, comprising the liquefaction of a gaseous working fluid under low pressure, increasing the pressure on the liquid thus formed, transferring the latent heat of condensation of the fluid being liquefied to the liquidunder such increased pressure to effect its evaporation, cooling the low pressure gaseous working fluid to the temperature of low pressure liquefaction by means of said high pressure evaporate, adding external incanta liqueaction or' said heat rejecting portion under low pressure by transfer o" its heat contents to said heat absorbing portion.

3l. A process of the character set forth, comprising the circulation of a working fluid in countercurrent to itself to elcct heat interchange between heat absorbing and heat rejecting portions thereof, and the liquefaction of said heat rejecting portion under atmospheric pressure by transiter of its heatcontents to said heat absorbing portion.

A process ot' the character set forth, comprising the circulation of a working Huid in countercurrent to itself to eilect heat interchange between heat absorbing and heat rejecting portions thereof, and the liquefaction of said heat rejectin portion under low pressure by transfer or its heat contents to said heat absorbing portion under a higher pressure.

83. process of the character set orth. comprising the extraction of latent heat of condensation from a gaseous working fluid by heat exchange With a circulating fluid, raising the pressure of said circulating 'fluid after such extraction, removing the superheat from said circulating fluid, and trans` ferring said extracted heat to the liqueed Working fluid.

34. A process o the character set forth, comprising the extraction oi latent heat of condensation from a gaseous Working Huid, by heat exchange with a circulating fluid, raising the pressure of said circulating fluid after such extraction, cooling said circulating duid before raising the pressure thereon, to prevent its superheating, and transferring said extracted heat to the liquefied working uid.

35. A process of the character set forth, comprising the extraction of latent heat or condensation from a gaseous working fluid, by heat exchange with a circulating fluid, raising the pressure of said circulating fluid after such extraction, removing 4the superheat from said circulating fluid, condensing said circulating lluid by transfer of said extracted heat to the liquefied working duid, and reducing the pressure on said circulating fluid before its return into heat exchanging relation to the working luid undergoing liqueaction.

86. ln the herein described process of refrigeration, employing a liquefied gas, the extraction of the latent heat of condensation from the gas undergoing liquetaction by heat exchange with a circulating Huid, raising'the pressure of said circulating tluid after sai extraction, removinf the superheat of compression from sai` circulating fluid, and transferring the heat previously absorbed by said circulating Huid to the liquid reduced by the process.

37. process pf the character set forth, comprising the liquefaction of a gaseous asa working duid, the evaporation of said liquelied workin-g fluid, and the transfer of heat from the gaseous win-king fluid undergoing liquefactiou at a low temperature to said emprunte at a higher temperature.

38. A process ofthe character set forth, comprisiner the liquefaction of a gaseous working fluid under atmospheric pressure, the evaporation of said liquefied Working luid, and the transfer of heat from the gaseous Working fluid undergoing liquelaction at a low temperature to said evaporate at a higher temperature.

39. A process of the character set forth, com risine the liquefaction of a gaseous worA ing uid under a low pressure, the evaporation of said liquefied fluid Without releasing the pressure thereon, and the transfer of heat from the gaseous working lud undergoing liquefaction, between given temperatures, to said evaporate between other temperatures.

40. A process of the character set forth, comprising the liquefaction of a gaseous Working fluid, the evaporation of the liquid thus produced, and the applicati-on of the cooling' ed'ect of said evaporate, between given temperatures, to .cool the aseous `Working fluid undergoing liquefactmn be tween other temperatures.

41. A process of the character set forth, com rising the liquefaction of a gaseous wor ing fluid, the evaporation of the liquid thus produced, and the transfer of heat extracted from the gaseous working fluid at a low temperature to said evaporate at a higher temperature.

42. A process of the character set forth, comprisino' the liquefaction of a gaseous Working fluid, evaporating the liquid thus produced, and cooling the gaseous working fluid to the liquefaction tem erature by means of said evaporate at a igher temperature.

43. A. process of the character set forth,

comprising' the liquefaction of a gaseous` working luid, the evaporation of the liquelied portion thus produced, and the transfer of heat extracted from the gaseous working fluid at a 10W temperature to said evaporate at a higher temperature.

44. A process of the character set forth, comprising the liquefaction of a gaseous working fluid, the evaporation of the liquid thus produced by heat exchange with a circulating Huid, the application of the cooling eliect of said evaporate to said circulating duid, and the cooling and condensation of the gaseous Working fluid by means of said circulating Huid.

45. process of the character set forth, comprising the liquefaction of a gaseous Worln'ng fluid under low pressure, the evaperation of the liquid thus formed without release of pressure by heat exchange with a riemse'ioii oi' "che g means of seid circoieiirig in e 'process of the chere/eier ser 'orrh? che circuieriori or? poriori or the "Working iuid under iow 'pressure in ooorierourrerir'zo erionher portion under irigiier preseure, the eooiing emi iiquefecrion. of seid; iirer por 'tion by heer, eircheoge wirk e piureilty or circuietirig iiuioe, .eo-.ci eine the heer, absorbed by eeio elieuieirig riiiis ro seid high preesure pomioii .in process or 'die ciiereczer eet ferrie, corzzrising commerce-Herr@ oireoieoion 'oe rween heet efoeorbieg and heer reg eci-5mg porions ci e ge-seme Woriirig froid,u rire cooling; and iiqiieecriori offrire heer reageer-mg porion oy heer eroine-inge wire eircuieiiiig fuerioiss and 'ehe erenefer herria eoroe by said crcuiering; to eoeorzM leemiorif,

4S. 'in e, process re cherooier eet forth, the eoonrereurrerre miei-,ieri of heer erzosorbing emi hee/7 doorsniogfr of e. gaseous working me, the orrcrietiori or :i heer; rreiiefer i'iuici in heet erehengmg reierioo ro @oooh or eaici por'ions one; he compression of seid heeft 'zrarre'er iioir above mici beiow ermoel'heric "I operario.fe9 to mi@ heeft ro seid heet ebeoroirig portion emi thereby to increese the prece-eure thereof.

e, feroces-s or character ser forth., che passing ci@ e gaseous Working iuid zhrough faire iiqod eee, by rire Soooeesive eompreesiozr and eroerieioe of e here@ treneer uio circulaing m exchanging re- 13s-ion to heer f1-.beer A w ifi heee rejecting portions of seid. Working iixrici 5G. e procese of che ceereorer @er orto, ehe passing of aiI ge-,Seelze Working Huid through rile iiquici mme? by successive preeeure on the evaporare therefrom, by i'ie suceessive compression and expansion of e, heee btransfer Huid eircuieiirng in heer exo'iengirig rcieion oo seid evaporate amd io the undergoing iiquefeoton. Y

53. :im e. proa/ees of the character Set forth, che passing of e gaseous Working uid rhrough the liquid orare, and, the maimerieriee or pressure on the evaporare there from., by ehe @eccessive compression and expansion of a porrion thereof circu-iating in hee exchanging rearion to seid evaporate and io che Huid undergoing liqueiaction.

54. 'in a; process or the character serl forch, ehe passing or e gaseous Working Huid riirough the liquid state, and the increase of pressure on "she eveporete therefrom, by rire successive conrepression and expansion of e portion rhereor circulating in hear exchanging; reaioe to said evaporete and ro rire riuio undergoing iiquefecticn.

Bored this 27th dei? of January, i916.

FRED E. NURTN.

messer:

Semmering Gor/reverencia,

WHALEN. 

